Sudan has 30 cu km of renewable water resources, of which 96% of the annual withdrawal is used for farming and 2% is used for domestic purposes. ENVIRONMENTĪ shortage of potable water inhibits agriculture, animal husbandry, and human settlement in much of Sudan. As of 2002, there were at least 267 species of mammals,Ģ80 species of birds, and over 3,100 species of plants throughout the country. Many varieties of fish are found in the rivers and in the coastal waters of the Red Sea. Wildlife includes most of the mammals, birds, and reptiles common to central Africa. The broad-leafed tropical woodland and forest region is for the most part in the southwest, where areas of luxuriant growth and closed forests are found grass covers much of the steppe area of the southeast. The acacia desert shrub and acacia short-grass shrub grow in the northern desert and the grasslands of the west. The most temperate climate occurs in the Red Sea Hills. Climatic hazards -sandstorms in the northern deserts and flooding rains in the central belt -often interfere with railroad traffic. Rainfall decreases from south to north, the annual average varying from 120 cm (47 in) in the south to less than 10 cm (4 in) in the north the rainy season is from July to September. In the central and southern regions, average temperatures are 27 ° to 29 °c (80 ° to 85 °f). In the northern plains and desert region, average temperatures range from 32 °c (90 °f) in winter (November to February) to 42 °c (108 °f) in summer (March to June) the hottest months are May and June. There are natural harbors at Port Sudan (Bur Sudan) and Suakin on the Red Sea. The dominating geographic feature is the Nile River, formed near Khartoum by the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile rivers. The western undulating sandy wastes merge into the Red Sea Hills to the east. The northern area is mainly desert, including the Nubian Desert, with rock at or near the surface covered by thin soils of low fertility. The highest elevation is at Mount Kinyeti 3187 m (10,456 ft) along the southern border with Uganda. Widely separated mountain chains and many hilly areas often reach altitudes of more than 2,000 m (6,500 ft). The greatest part of Sudan is a vast plain traversed by the northward-flowing Nile River and its tributaries. Sudan's capital city, Khartoum, is located in the northeast central part of the country. Including this administrative line, Sudan's total boundary length is 8,550 km (5,313 mi). The Egypt-Sudan boundary west of the Nile runs 892 km (554 mi) east of the Nile, the international boundary is 383 km (238 mi), and the administrative boundary is 357 km (222 mi). In 2001, the countries agreed to discuss the creation of an "area of integration" for this overlapping territory and both governments agreed to withdraw military forces from the region. In 1902, however, a special administrative boundary was delineated between the Nile and the Red Sea, in order to facilitate the administration of nomadic tribes and to maintain the continuity of certain tribal areas in the border region. The Anglo-Egyptian Agreement of 19 January 1899 established the parallel of 22 °n as the international boundary between Egypt and Sudan. It is bounded on the n by Egypt, on the ne by the Red Sea, on the e by Eritrea and Ethiopia, on the s by Kenya, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC), on the w by the Central African Republic and Chad, and on the nw by Libya. Comparatively, the area occupied by Sudan is slightly more than one-quarter the size of the United States. Situated in northeast Africa, Sudan is the largest country on the continent, covering an area of 2,505,810 sq km (967,499 sq mi), with a length of 2,192 km (1,362 mi) sse –nnw and a width of 1,880 km (1,168 mi) ene –wsw. Movable Muslim religious holidays include the 1st of Muharram (Muslim New Year), 'Id al-Fitr, 'Id al-'Adha', and Milad an-Nabi. HOLIDAYS: Independence Day, 1 January Unity Day, 3 March Uprising Day, 6 April Decentralization Day, 1 July Christmas, 25 December. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: The metric system is the legal standard, but a highly diverse system based on Egyptian and British standards is in local use. MONETARY UNIT: The Sudanese dinar (sd) is a paper currency of 100 piasters (qurush) or 1,000 milliemes. FLAG: The national flag consists of a tricolor of red, white, and black horizontal stripes, with a green triangle at the hoist.ĪNTHEM: Jundi al-Allah (Soldiers of God).
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